Redesigning Medicine Using Synthetic Biology
Drawing inspiration from nature, synthetic biology offers exciting opportunities to transform the future of medicine.
Bringing together engineers, physicists and molecular biologists, the field of synthetic biology uses engineering principles to model, design and build synthetic gene circuits and other molecular components that don’t exist in the natural world. Researchers can then piece together these biological parts to rewire and reprogram living cells – or build cell-free systems – with novel functions for a variety of applications.
“For me, the most exciting thing about synthetic biology is finding or seeing unique ways that living organisms can solve a problem,” says David Riglar, Sir Henry Dale research fellow at Imperial College London. “This offers us opportunities to do things that would otherwise be impossible with non-living alternatives.”
Scientists are harnessing the power of synthetic biology to develop a variety of medical applications – from powerful drug production platforms to advanced therapeutics and novel diagnostics.
“By approaching biology as an engineering discipline, we are now beginning to create programmable medicines and diagnostic tools with the ability to sense and dynamically respond to information in our bodies,” says Jim Collins, Termeer professor of medical engineering and science at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).
These novel medicinal products could be endowed with synthetic elements that can control the localization, timing and dosage of their activities. This offers significant advantages over conventional therapeutics in terms of flexibility, specificity and predictability – opening exciting opportunities for precision medicine.
A toolkit for synthetic biology
In recent years, rapid decreases in the cost of DNA sequencing and synthesis – and the development of gene-editing technologies, such as CRISPR-Cas9 – have enabled researchers to engineer biological systems with unique and increasingly complex functions.
“The combination of these tools has provided us with unprecedented opportunities to apply synthetic biology to study living systems and understand how they work,” states Riglar.
The underlying premise of synthetic biology is that living systems can be broken down into a library of individual components. Engineering principles are then used to design and construct these biological parts into new systems for a wide variety of industrial, agricultural, pharmaceutical and environmental applications. But in practice, these bioengineering approaches are not always straightforward.
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