Discovery about water molecules contradicts what is taught in textbooks

 


A calm patch of seawater looks simple from above. Chemically, however, it’s anything but simple. Right where air meets liquid, water molecules and dissolved ions arrange themselves in ways that control how gases react, how droplets age in the atmosphere, and how electric charges move in devices.

Water molecules and surfaces

In the standard explanation, large, easily distorted ions, such as iodide, were treated as surface lovers. They were expected to collect in the top layer of water.

Smaller, less flexible ions such as fluoride were thought to avoid that boundary and stay deeper in the solution.

If positive and negative ions separated even slightly near the surface, they would form an electric double layer – a thin charged region that nudged the O-H bonds in water molecules to point more in one direction than in the other.

This scheme was applied to many common dissolved substances: sodium halides, hydroxide, sulfate, perchlorate, and similar ions found in seawater and in atmospheric droplets. The details varied from ion to ion, but the overall picture rested on that same double-layer idea.

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